Chuyên đề tự học môn Tiếng Anh - Câu gián tiếp

CHUYÊN ĐỀ TỰ HỌC MÔN TIẾNG ANH (theo tham chiếu Châu Âu 6 bậc) REPORTED SPEECH 2016

Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – HYPERLINK "http://www.violet.vn/quocbinh72" www.violet.vn/quocbinh72 Trang PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 4/REPORTED

BÀI 6. INDIRECT SPEECH - CÂU GIÁN TIẾP

I. Introduction: There are two ways of restating what a person has said; direct and indirect.

While the direct speech repeats what exact words of the speakers, the indirect only gives the exact meaning of what is said or remarked. (Có hai cách để nhắc lại điều một ai đó đã nói; trực tiếp và gián tiếp. Trong khi câu trực tiếp nhắc lại nguyên vẹn từng chi tiết của lời nói, câu gián tiếp chỉ nhắc lại nội dung câu nói một cách chính xác về ý nghĩa mà thôi). Hãy xem các ví dụ dưới đây:

Direct: He said, “I hate being asked.”

Indirect: He said that he hated being asked.

Direct: She said, “The postman will come tomorrow.”

Indirect: She said that the postman would come the next/ following day.

Direct: “We have lived here for 5 years,” she said.

Indirect: She said that they had lived there for 5 years.

Direct: “Do you want any more books?”, the librarian asked.

Indirect: The librarian asked if I wanted any more books.

Bài này chỉ đề cập các nguyên tắc biến đổi, hình thức chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, các để phục vụ cho việc giải các bài tập ôn tập thi THPT Quốc Gia có liên quan.

II. Changes when turning direct speech into indirect:

Biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp

1. Tenses changes: Đổi thì ngữ pháp

Khi chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động các thì ngữ pháp của động từ được chuyển đổi (ta thường lùi một thì ở câu gián tiếp so với thì của động từ ở câu trực tiếp) theo bảng chuyển đổi dưới đây:

direct speechdirect speech1.simple present→simple past2.present progressive→past progressive3.present perfect (progressive)→past perfect (progressive)4.simple past→past perfect5.future (will/shall)→conditional (would/ should)6.must→had to inf7.can/ may→could/ might8.conditional→conditional (no change) e.g. D: “I am a new comer here,” said Linda.

→ I: Linda said that she was a new comer there.

D: “We are building a new bridge soon” said the Mayor.

→ I: The Mayor said that they were building a new bridge soon.

D: “Where have you been since noon, Peter?” asked Janes.

→ I: Janes wanted to know where Peter had been since noon.

D: “I wasn’t there at that time,” he said.

→ I: He said that he hadn’t been there at that time.

D: “The new comers will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain.

→ I: The captain said that the new comers would arrive in four days’ time.

D: “He must be back before dark,” the constructor said.

→ I: The constructor said that he had to be back before dark.

D: “The new comers may be a little late,” said the captain.

→ I: The captain said that the new comers might be a little late.

D: “If I had enough money, I would buy a new car,” the old man said.

→ I: The old man said that he would buy a new car if he had enough money.

2. Pronouns and adjectives changes: Đổi đại từ và tính từ

Khi chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động các thì đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu, đại từ phản thân cũng được chuyển đổi. Thông thường ngôi thứ nhất, thứ hai sẽ chuyển thành ngôi thứ ba, trừ trường hợp chủ thể tự diễn đạt về bản thân.

e.g. D: “I will send you my document today,” said Lan to Minh.

→ I: Lan said that she would send Minh her document that day.

D: “We will leave tomorrow night,” he said.

→ I: He said that they would start the following night.

D: “We will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain.

→ I: The captain said that they would arrive in four days’ time.

D: “We moved here many years ago,” the widow said.

→ I: The widow said that they had moved there many years before.

3. Expressions of time and place in indirect speech:

Đổi các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

Khi chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn thường được chuyển đổi theo bảng chuyển đổi dưới đây:

direct speechdirect speech1.today→that day2.yesterday →the day before3.the day before yesterday→two days before4.tomorrow →the next/ following day5.the day after tomorrow →in two days’ time6.next week/ year/ etc.→the following week/ years/ etc.7.last week/ year/ etc.→the previous week/ years/ etc.8.a week/ year/ etc. ago→the previous year/ a year before9.this/ these→that/ those10.here→there e.g. D: “I will send you my document today,” said Lan to Minh.

→ I: Lan said that she would send Minh her document that day.

D: “Where did you go yesterday, Peter?” asked Janes.

→ I: Janes wanted to know where Peter had gone the day before.

D: “Who did you meet two days before yesterday, Peter?” asked Janes.

→ I: Janes wanted to know who Peter had met three days before.

D: “We will leave tomorrow night,” he said.

→ I: He said that they would start the following night.

D: “The new comers will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain.

→ I: The captain said that the new comers would arrive in four days’ time.

D: “He moved here many years ago,” the widow said.

→ I: The widow said that he had moved there many years before.

III. Some kinds of indirect speech:

1. Statements: Trong trường hợp này ta thực hiện chuyển đổi các yếu tố như trên và gần như giữ nguyên cấu trúc lời nói. Ở một số trường hợp (tường thuật trực tiếp, thông dịch) động từ dẫn để ở thì hiện tại đơn.

e.g. D: “We will leave tomorrow night,” he said.

→ I: He said that they would start the following night.

D: “The new comers will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain.

→ I: The captain said that the new comers would arrive in four days’ time.

D: “He moved here many years ago,” the widow said.

→ I: The widow said that he had moved there many years before.

D: “I will send you my document today,” said Lan to Minh.

→ I: Lan said that she would send Minh her document that day.

Or. A→C: “I love you.” (C can’t understand what A is saying)

→ B→C: He says he loves you. (B interprets what A is saying to C)

Reporter: “Two of the kidnapped have been back to their family.”

Interpreter: The reporter says two of the kidnapped have been back to their family.

2. Questions: Câu hỏi ở hình thức gián tiếp được chia làm hai nhóm sau;

asked (O)

S - wondered if/ whether S – V

wanted to know

2.1. General Questions (Yes/No Questions):

e.g. D: “Do you live here?” he said. → I: He asked if I lived there.

D: “Will you go to the movie tonight, Mike?” asked Peter.

→ I: Peter asked Mike if he would go to the movie that night.

D: “Have you read the latest notice or not?” the teacher asked.

→ I: The teacher asked whether I had read the latest notice.

D: “Were you there with Linda last night?” said my mother.

→ I: My mother wanted to know if I had been there with Linda the night before.

2.2. WH- Questions (Questions with interrogative words):

asked (O)

S - wondered WH words S – V

wanted to know

e.g. D: “Where do you live?” he said. → I: He wanted to know where I lived.

D: “What will you do tonight, Mike?” asked Peter.

→ I: Peter asked Mike what he would do that night.

D: “Where have I been all the night long?” the youngster asked.

→ I: The youngster wondered where he had been all the night long.

D: “What were you doing last night?” said my mother.

→ I: My mother wanted to know what I had been doing the night before.

3. Commands, requests, advice, invitations, orders, etc:

Various forms of introductory verbs such as advice, ask, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn, etc. are used in indirect commands, requests, advice, invitations, orders, etc. and “not” is often placed before a full infinitive to make the negative form.– Các câu gián tiếp chỉ mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, lời khuyên, lời mời, lời ra lệnh hay thúc giục sử dụng nhiều hình thức động từ dẫn như advice, ask, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn, và với dạng phủ định ta chỉ cần thêm “not” vào trước một nguyên thể.

S – introductory verbs – to V

S – introductory verbs – (not) to V

Cụ thể xem các ví dụ dưới đây:

e.g. D: “Lie down, Tom” he said. → I: He told Tom to lie down.

D: “Get your coats, boys!” said Peter. → I: Peter asked the boys to get their coats.

D: “You’d better get ready by now, Linda.” the youngster said.

→ I: The youngster advised Linda to get ready.

D: “Don’t touch the wire, children!” said the mother.

→ I: The mother warned her children not to touch the wire.

D: “Hurry up, men!” he said. → I: He urged the men to hurry up.

D: “Would you like a cup of tea, Mike?” asked Peter.

→ I: Peter invited Peter a cup of tea.

D: “Abandon the ship, men!” the captain said.

→ I: The captain ordered his men to abandon the ship.

D: “Don’t come any nearer!” said the robber to the clerk.

→ I: The robber warned the clerk not to come any nearer.

D: “If i were you, I would stop complaining,” the girl said to her boyfriend.

→ I: The girl advised her boyfriend not to complain/ to stop complaining.

D: “Why don’t you take off your coat?” said the clerk.

→ I: The clerk advised me to take off my coat.

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

Exercise 1: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.

1. He said to me, “I don’t want you to make such a silly mistake again”.

→ He told ____________________________________________________.

2. She said, “I didn’t know you.”

→ She said ___________________________________________________.

3. The boy said, “I don’t know what I’ll do”.

→ The boy said _______________________________________________.

4. “Sue, can you remember to buy some bread?”

→ Paul reminded______________________________________________.

5. “Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children.

→ The man ordered____________________________________________.

6. “I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary.

→ Mary______________________________________________________.

7. “Are you going to Paris next week?” Tom asked me.

→ Tom asked_________________________________________________.

8. “Have you finished your homework?” Mom asked.

→ Mom asked if______________________________________________.

9. She said to me: “I can’t do it by myself”

→ She told me that___________________________________________.

10. “Does your brother live in London, Nam?” Lan asked.

→ Lan wanted to know if______________________________________.

11. “Don’t repeat this mistake again.” his father warned him.

→ His father warned him_____________________________________.

12. “Give me a smile,” the photographer said to me.

→ The____________________________________________________.

13. “Don’t leave these books on the table”, the librarian said to the students

→ The librarian told the students_______________________________.

14.”Have you travelled abroad much?” he asked me.

→ He____________________________________________________.

15. “Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary.

→ The boss asked__________________________________________.

16. “I have just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me.

→ My friend told___________________________________________.

17. “This story happened long ago” he said.

→ He said________________________________________________.

18. “If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this car”

→ He advised_____________________________________________.

19. “Shall I carry your suitcase, Lan?” said Nam.

→ Nam offered___________________________________________.

20. “Yes, all right, I’ll share the food with you, Dave.”

→ Ann agreed____________________________________________.

Exercise 2: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.

1. "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sports-man.

→ The instructor ____________________________________________________.

2. "Leave your address with the secretary" the assistant said to me.

→ The assistant _____________________________________________________.

3. "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client.

→ The manager _____________________________________________________.

4. "Don't be so silly!" the father said to the kid.

→ The father _______________________________________________________.

5. "Give a smile!" the photographer said to me.

→ The photographer _________________________________________________.

6. "Please, help me to make a decision!" Ann asked her friend.

→ Ann asked _______________________________________________________.

7. "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf!" she said to the boy.

→ She_____________________________________________________________.

8. "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes!" the nurse said to the child.

→ The nurse _______________________________________________________.

9. "Leave your things here!" my companion advised me.

→ My companion ___________________________________________________.

10. "Don't discuss this question now!" said the chairman to the participants.

→ The chairman ____________________________________________________.

11. "Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't change for the better?" we asked the guide.

→ We asked _______________________________________________________.

12. The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up, when the train arrives in Leeds."

→ The porter ______________________________________________________.

13. My wife said to me: "While you are away, I'll do the packing."

→ My wife ________________________________________________________.

14. "Don't leave until I phone you!" he asked me.

→ He told ________________________________________________________.

15. "After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South." the doctor said.

→ The doctor _____________________________________________________.

16. "They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark." the man explained to me.

→ The ___________________________________________________________.

17. “As soon as I hear from him, I'll let you know.” my neighbour said to me.

→ My neighbour __________________________________________________.

18. I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll go to the seaside together," she said.

→ She said _______________________________________________________.

19. The mother said to her son, "Sit still, please."

→ The mother ____________________________________________________.

20. John said to his friend, "Come and spend a week with us."

→ John __________________________________________________________.

Exercise 3. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. “John left here an hour ago,” said Jane.

A. Jane told me that John had left there an hour before.

B. Jane said John left there an hour before.

C. Jane told John to have left there an hour before.

D. Jane told me that John to leave there an hour before.

2. Maria said that she_____________ there at noon. 

A. is going to be               B. was going to be       C. will be    D. can be

3. “Why didn’t you follow my advice?” he said.

A. He asked me to follow his advice. B. He asked me not to follow his advice.

C. He asked me why I did follow his advice. D. He asked me why I hadn’t followed his advice.

4. He___________ that he was leaving way that afternoon.

A. told me                         B. told to me           C. said me          D. says to me

5. “What shall I do with all this money?” said Peter.

A. Peter asked what should he do with all the money.

B. Peter asked what would he do with all that money.

C. Peter was asking what he would do with all that money.

D. Peter was wondering what he should do with all the money

6. She said to me that she ______________ to me the Sunday before.

A. wrote                            B. has written          C. was writing          D. had writing

7. I asked him how far____________.

A. was it to the nearest bank. C. it was to the nearest bank.

B. was to the nearest bank. D. to the nearest bank was

8. I _____________ him to sell that old motorbike.

A. said to                         B. suggested         C. advised             D. recommended

9. The police wanted to know_____________.

A. what was into the parcel. B. that was in the parcel

C. what was in the parcel. D. that in the parcel was.

10. My parents reminded me____________ the flowers.

A. remember to plant     B. not to plant to plant C. to plant          D. planting

11. “John left here an hour ago,” said Jane.

A. Jane told me that John had left there an hour before

B. Jane said John left there an hour before

C. Jane told John to have left there an hour before

D. Jane told me that John to leave there an hour before

12. I asked Martha____________ to enter law school.

A. are you planning           B. is she planning         C. was she planning      D. if she was planning

13. Nam wanted to know what time____________.

A. does the movie begin   B. did the movie begin          

C. the movie begins                D. the movie began

14. “What would you do if you were a billionaire?” the man asked the woman.

A. The man asked the woman what she would have done if she were a billionaire.

B. The man asked the woman what she would do if she were a billionaire.

C. The man asked the woman what would she do if she were a billionaire.

D. The man asked the woman what would she have done if she had been a billionaire.

15. I wondered_____________ the right thing.

A. whether I was doing    B. if I am doing     C. was I doing     D. am I doing

16. “Why don’t you reply to the offer of the company right now?” said Anne to her husband.

A. Anne ordered her husband to accept the offer of the company right away.

B. Ann suggested that her husband reply to the offer of the company right away.

C. Ann told her husband not to respond to the offer of the company.

D. Ann asked her husband the reason why he didn’t reply to the offer of the company immediately.

17. The scientist said the earth ____________ the sun.

A. goes around              B. is going around    C. went around        D. was going around

18. “If I were you, I would try to finish the pre-lab report before carrying out the experiment.” the professor said to his students.

A. The professor advised his students to finish the pre-lab report before carrying out the experiment.

B. The professor wished he could finish the pre-lab report for his students.

C. The professor regretted that his students didn’t do things in the right way.

D. The professor advised his students to carry out the experiments and then write the pre-lab report.

19. Peter said that if he ____________rich, he _____________ a lot.

A. is/will travel                                   B. were/ would travel          

C. had been/ would have travelled      D. was/ will travel

20. They said that they had been driving through the desert______________.

A. the previous day           B. yesterday         C. the last day         D. Sunday previously

Exercise 4. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. “Would you like to go for a walk along the beach?”

A. Joe asked me whether I felt like to go for a walk along the beach.

B. Joe asked me if I felt to like to go for a walk along the beach.

C. Joe asked me if I felt like going out for a walk along the beach.

D. Both A and C

2. He asked the children _____________too much noise.

A. not to make                 B. not making     C. don’t make      D. if they don’t make

3. The man said that the days _____________longer in summer.

A. will be                         B. are                       C. were           D. can be

4. “Do you kn