Unit 4
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UNIT 4
GERUND AND PERFECT GERUND
PARTICPLE AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE
1. Gerund and perfect gerund.
Gerund: V+ING
Gerund ( danh ®éng tõ) lµ mét danh tõ cã d¹ng V+ING, dïng trong nh÷ng trêng hîp sau:
Lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u
Lµm bæ ng÷ trong c©u
Trong c¸c danh tõ ghÐp
Sau giíi tõ
Sau ®éng tõ
Sau mét sè cÊu tróc
Perfect gerund: HAVING + P.P
Perfect gerund (d¹ng thøc hoµn thµnh cña danh ®éng tõ) ®îc dïng thay cho d¹ng hiÖn t¹i cña danh ®éng tõ khi chóng ta ®Ò cËp tíi hµnh ®éng trong qu¸ khø.
The boy was accused of having stolen/ stealing her money.
She apologized for having broken / breaking my vase.
He denied having met/ meeting her on that day.
2. Present Participle and perfect participle
Present participle: V + ING
Present Participle (Ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i) lµ mét ®éng tõ cã d¹ng V + ING ®îc dïng sau c¸c ®éng tõ catch, I caught them stealing my apples.
He found a tree lying across the road.
I left her talking to my mother.
Ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i ®îc dïng thay thÕ mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.
The train which is arriving at the station is one hour late.
The train arriving at the station is one hour late.
We have a friend who comes from Italy.
We have a friend coming from Italy.
Ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i ®îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ mét mÖnh ®Ò chØ lÝ do, nguyªn nh©n.
Because he felt hungry, he stopped his car at a restaurant.
Feeling hungry, he stopped his car at a restaurant.
Ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i ®îc dïng ®Ó miªu t¶ hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra cïng mét thêi ®iÓm do cïng mét chñ ng÷.
We sat in front of T.V. We watched football together.
We sat in front of T.V, watching football together
Ph©n tõ hiÖn t¹i ®îc dïng ®Ó miªu t¶ hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nèi tiÕp nhau do cïng mét chñ ng÷.
She closed all the windows and the door carefully, then she went to bed.
Closing all the windows and the door carefully, she went to bed.
Perfect participle: HAVING + P.P
Perfect gerund (ph©n tõ hoµn thµnh) ®îc dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra hoµn tÊt tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.
After I had finished all my exercises, I went to bed.
Having finished all my exercises, I went to bed.
Before we left the room, we had turned off the lights.
Having turned off the lights, we left the room.
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with V + ING or HAVING + P.P
1. My boss spends two hours a day (travel) ……………......to work
2. She admitted (kill) ………………..her husband.
3. In spite of (miss) ...................... the train, we arrived on time.
4. I’m tired of (work) ........................... eight hours a day.
5. You can’t prevent him from (drink) ……………………. alcohol.
6. (Win) ...................................... twice , I don’t want to try again. Let’s give chances to other.
7. (Swim) ……………………… everyday is a good way of keeping fit.
8. I caught him (climb) ………………………..over my wall.
9. The police accused him of ( set) …………………..fire to the building but he denied ( be) …………………… in the area on the night of the fire.
10. I enjoy (play)………………….... tennis with my friends.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer.
______ for twelve hours, I felt marvelous.
a. Having slept b. have slept c. Having been slept d. have been slept
By the time their baby arrives, the Johnson hope ______ painting and decorating the new nursery.
a. having finished b. to have finished c. having been finished d. to have been finished
She's angry about ______ to the farewell party last night.
a. not having invited b. not to have invited c. not having been invited d. not to have been invited
We decided not to travel, ______ the terrible weather forecast.
a. having heard b. to have heard c. having been heard d. to have been heard
I'd love ______ to the party, but it was impossible.
a. having gone b. to have gone b. having been gone d. to have been gone
I don't recall ______ him at the conference.
a. having seen b. to have seen c. having been seen d. to have been seen
______ in dark colors, the room needed some bright lights.
a. Having painted b. To have painted c. Having been painted d. To have been painted
The stockbroker denied ______ of the secret business deal.
a. having informed b. to have informed c. having been informed d. to have been informed
They now regret ______ their son by providing too many material possessions.
a. having spoiled b. to have spoiled c. having been spoiled d. to have been spoiled
______ to the party, we could hardly refuse to go.
a. Having invited b. To have invited c. Having been invited d. To have been invited
Tom made a bad mistake at work, but his boss didn't fire him. He's lucky ______ a second chance.
a. having given b. to have given c. having been given d. to have been given
Are you sure you told me? I don't recall ______ about it.
a. having told b. to have told c. having been told d. to have been told
Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences so that the meanings stay the same
1. As he had drunk too much, he didn’t drive home himself.
………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
2. David did his homework and he went to bed.
After having …………………………………………………………………...……………………
3. We have done two tests today, so we are exhausted.
…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
4. She filled the washing machine and switched it on.
…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
5. She had not slept for two days and therefore she wasn’t able to concentrate.
……………………………………………………………………….………………………………
6. We read the book, then we wrote the assignment.
Before………………………………………………………………..………………………………
7. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn’t recognize him.
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
8. He bought a radio. First he checked the price.
After …………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. They are vegetarians and they don’t eat meat.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Since we watch the news everyday, we know what is going on the world.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 4: Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. They left the restaurant, _______________ (spend) two hours over lunch.
2. (See) _______________ photograph of the place, I had no desire to go there.
3. (Switch) ______________ of the light, we went to bed.
4. The boy was accused of (steal) ____________ her money.
5. She apologized for (break) ____________ my vase.
Exercise 5. Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differentlyj from that of the other words.
1. A. wheel B. wet C. away D. answer
2. A. beyond B. year C. quay D. yet
3. A. who B. when C. what D. why
4. A. well B. week C. two D. forward
5. A. amuse B. cure C. new D. usual
6. A. knowledge B. towards C. forward D. award
Exercise 6.Decide whether the -ing form in italics is gerund or present participle? Write G (Gerund) or Pr P (Present participle) next to each sentence.
1. I think you should start practising now! ..............
2. Listening to music after work helps me relax my mind. ..............
3. It's a waste of time playing computer games. ..............
4. There are some people waiting to see you, Sir. ..............
5. I hate doing the washing-up! ..............
6. Feeling tired, I went to bed early. ..............
7. Having finished the housework, Tâm Vy went for a walk. ..............
8. Do you have a headache? Try taking two of these pills. ..............
Exercise 7.Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.
More and more young people are doing voluntary work abroad. The wide variety of jobs and destinations available is making it an increasingly attractive option for those who have just left school and have a year free before university.
Many choose to spend these twelve months working in poor countries. There they will earn little or no money, but they will be doing something useful and enjoying the experience.
The work may consist of helping local communities, for example by helping to build new roads or provide water supplies to isolated rural villages. Other projects may concentrate more on conservation and environmental protection. Whatever kind of job it is, though, it is certain to be challenging and worthwhile, and an experience that will never be forgotten.
A. Read the statements and decide whether it is True (T) or False (F) according to the information given.
.........1. Very few young people are doing voluntary work abroad.
.........2. There’s a wide variety of jobs and destinations for volunteers who have
just left school to choose to do.
..…...3. Many volunteers choose to work in wealthy countries.
.........4. Those wlio do voluntary work receive very little money, but they will
be doing something useful and enjoying experience.
.........5. The voluntary work includes helping local communities or protecting
environment.
B. Answer the following questions.
1. Where are many young people doing voluntary work?
2: How many months do they spend working there?
3. What can they profit from the voluntary work?
4. What may they do to help local communities?
5. Is voluntary work challenging and worthwhile?
